All Episodes of Lokad TV

Quantifying Uncertainty: A Roundtable at SCE2024 on Forecasting and Planning for the Modern Supply Chain

Moderated by Kevin Baumann, Lead Supply Chain Scientist at Lokad, this roundtable brought together senior executives from the retail sector for an in-depth discussion on the challenges and opportunities of the modern supply chain.

Supply Chain is not Logistics - Ep 166

Conor Doherty and Joannes Vermorel delve into the distinctions between supply chain and logistics, with supply chain a decision-making process and logistics a decision-execution one.

Supply Chain Debate On the Demand Driven Adaptive Enterprise Model (with Carol Ptak) - Ep 165

Carol Ptak (Demand Driven Institute) and Joannes Vermorel (Lokad) debate the Demand Driven Adaptive Enterprise Model.

Lokad: Artificial Intelligence in the Service of the Supply Chain

Lokad's Co-founder, Estelle Vermorel, was a guest on the Talk Entreprise show by Challenges.

ISF2024 Panel: Demand Planning & Human Judgement in the World of AI

At the 44th International Symposium on Forecasting, Lokad's Conor Doherty and Alexey Tikhonov joined a panel discussion on "Demand Planning and the Role of Judgment in the New World of AI/ML".

Optimizing Omnichannel Purchase & Allocation at Worten (with Bruno Saraiva)

In an onsite interview, Bruno Saraiva (Head of Stock & Space Management at Worten Portugal) discusses Worten's ongoing supply chain revolution.

Supply Chain Debate - Is S&OP a net good for companies? (with Milos Vrzic) - Ep 164

In a debate hosted by Conor Doherty of Lokad, Milos Vrzic, former Head of Supply Chain at Galderma, and Joannes Vermorel, CEO of Lokad, discussed the value of S&OP for companies. Vermorel critiqued S&OP as simplistic and outdated, while Vrzic emphasized its role in tactical planning. The debate highlighted the complexities of S&OP and the need for a nuanced understanding of its role in business.

Probabilistic Forecasts & Sequential Decision-Making (with Warren Powell) - Ep 163

In a recent LokadTV interview, Conor Doherty, Joannes Vermorel, and guest Warren Powell discussed probabilistic forecasts and decision making in supply chains. Warren Powell, a retired Princeton professor and Chief Innovation Officer at Optimal Dynamics, shared his career journey and insights on planning under uncertainty. Joannes Vermorel, Lokad's CEO, discussed his transition from deterministic methods to probabilistic forecasting, criticizing academia's lack of real-world application. Both agreed on the superiority of probabilistic forecasting, despite its complexity and businesses' struggle to apply it. The conversation highlighted the need for a broader perspective and a unified approach to dealing with uncertainty in decision-making.

Decision-making under Uncertainty in Supply Chain (with Dr. Meinolf Sellmann) - Ep 162

In a recent LokadTV interview, Conor Doherty, Joannes Vermorel, and guest Meinolf Sellmann discussed the role of stochastic optimization in supply chain management. They highlighted the importance of considering variability and uncertainty in decision-making processes. Traditional deterministic methods often fall short in real-world scenarios, leading to over-optimistic optimization plans. Both Vermorel and Sellmann criticized the "predict then optimize" approach, suggesting that companies can achieve better results by accounting for forecast variability during optimization. They emphasized the need for executable plans and measurable effectiveness in any optimization model.

Forecast Congruence and Supply Chain Decision-Making (with Nikolaos Kourentzes) - Ep 161

In a recent LokadTV interview, Nikos Kourentzes, a professor at the University of Skövde, and Joannes Vermorel, CEO of Lokad, discussed forecast congruence in supply chain decision-making. They emphasized the importance of aligning forecasts with decisions, acknowledging that models may be misspecified. They distinguished between forecasting accuracy and congruence, arguing that the most accurate forecast may not be the best for decision-making if it doesn't align with the decision's objective. They also discussed the practical application of forecasting congruence in inventory decision making and its potential to mitigate the bullwhip effect. The role of AI and human involvement in forecasting congruence was also discussed.

Quality-Cost Dilemma in Supply Chain - Ep 160

In a dialogue with Lokad's Head of Communication, Conor Doherty, Lokad CEO Joannes Vermorel discusses the quality-cost ratio in supply chain management. Vermorel emphasizes that quality refers to decision-making, not product attributes, and that client-perceived quality may not align with optimal supply decisions due to cost. He criticizes traditional KPIs, arguing they don't reflect genuine quality. Vermorel also discusses the role of Large Language Models (LLMs) in supply chain management, noting they can lead to smarter decisions but can inflate IT budgets. He suggests the quality-cost dilemma is a meta game, requiring software engineering to solve supply chain problems and assess trade-offs.

AI Pilots in Supply Chain - Ep 159

In a dialogue between Lokad's CEO Joannes Vermorel and Head of Communication Conor Doherty, they discuss the impact of AI on supply chain management. Vermorel highlights the advancements in AI and large language models, which have revolutionized task automation. He introduces AI Pilots, a Lokad offering that automates decision-making and clerical tasks, facilitated by Lokad's proprietary programming language, Envision. Vermorel also discusses the potential of AI to automate tasks related to Master data and contrasts Lokad's approach with competitors. He predicts that AI Pilots will become the norm in supply chain management, leading to significant productivity improvements. The conversation concludes with a Q&A session.

Effects of AI on Supply Chain Jobs - Supply Chain in 3 minutes

Conor Doherty of Lokad scrutinizes a Harvard study on AI's impact on white-collar jobs, revealing nuanced effects. The research, involving 758 consultants, assesses AI's role in enhancing productivity, particularly in supply chain management. It finds that AI boosts performance in certain tasks, especially with training, but may falter in complex scenarios. Doherty critiques the study's narrow view of AI as an adjunct to human labor, arguing for its potential to fully automate tasks, thus revolutionizing productivity and redefining white-collar work. He warns of overconfidence in job security, as AI's full capabilities could dramatically alter the employment landscape.

Rethinking S&OP (The Future of Supply Chain) - Ep 158

Lokad CEO Joannes Vermorel critiques the Sales and Operation Planning (S&OP) process as outdated and inefficient for modern businesses. He argues that S&OP, designed for simpler times, struggles to keep pace with today's complex, fast-moving business environment. Vermorel criticizes the process' slow refresh rate, its reliance on meetings and spreadsheets, and its focus on unified forecasts. He suggests that large companies should eliminate their S&OP divisions, likening them to obsolete fax machines. Instead, he proposes a shift towards improving access to information, transforming S&OP teams into data lake teams.

Stocks are not in your control - Ep 157

In this LokadTV eposide, Conor Doherty interviewed Joannes Vermorel on inventory planning misconceptions. Vermorel dismantled the fallacy that stock levels are a direct lever for client satisfaction and profitability. He argued that companies should focus on serving clients profitably, not on the illusion of stock control. Vermorel criticized simplistic inventory policies like min-max, stressing that stock levels are influenced by myriad factors beyond direct control. He advocated for prioritizing quality supply chain decisions over stock level targets, which often fail to account for dynamic business realities. The conversation highlighted the need for a nuanced approach to supply chain management, emphasizing decision control over uncontrollable outcomes.

Essential Skills for Modern Supply Chain - Supply Chain in 3 minutes

Conor Doherty, Head of Communication at Lokad, emphasizes the evolution of supply chain management, highlighting three critical skills for future practitioners':' technical writing, digital literacy, and financial awareness. Technical writing is crucial for documenting complex processes, ensuring knowledge is preserved and shared. Digital literacy, encompassing coding and data analytics, is vital for interpreting vast data streams and solving intricate supply chain challenges. Financial awareness enables practitioners to understand the economic impact of their decisions, ensuring fiscal responsibility. These skills are essential for navigating the complexities of modern supply chains and making informed, prudent decisions.

Stochastic Optimization of Supply Chain Decisions - Ep 156

In a discussion between Lokad's CEO, Joannes Vermorel, and Head of Communication, Conor Doherty, the importance of stochastic optimization and probabilistic forecasting in supply chain management is emphasized. Vermorel explains the concept of stochasticity, where the loss function is uncertain, a common occurrence in supply chain scenarios. He outlines the three ingredients of mathematical optimization':' variables, constraints, and the loss function, and explains that in stochastic optimization, the loss function is not deterministic but randomized. Vermorel also discusses the scalability issues of mathematical optimization techniques for supply chain, which have been a roadblock for four decades. He concludes by emphasizing that stochastic optimization is a crucial aspect often overlooked in supply chain textbooks.

A day to day exhibition of Lokad usage in a MRO company (with Rodrigo Pineda)

In a conversation revealing the intricacies of aviation MRO supply chain management, Baptiste Miceli of Lokad and Rodrigo Pineda of MRO Holdings discussed the challenges of standardizing inventory planning across diverse operations. Pineda detailed efforts to harmonize procurement strategies and risk management for MRO Holdings, emphasizing the need for profitability in their standalone operations. Lokad's tailored software solutions aided in creating a unified material planning process, despite the volatility of demand in the MRO industry. Their event-based forecasting provided a clearer prediction model, leading to satisfaction and a commitment to ongoing improvement in managing the ever-changing supply chain landscape.

Traditional Jobs vs AI in Supply Chain - Ep 155

In a conversation between Conor Doherty and Joannes Vermorel of Lokad, Vermorel predicts that Artificial Intelligence (AI) will lead to a mass extinction of back office white-collar jobs by 2030, much sooner than previous predictions. He attributes this to the success of Large Language Models (LLMs), which he believes will impact all back office jobs, particularly in supply chains. Vermorel argues that the goal should be complete automation for repetitive jobs, unlocking significant productivity improvements. He predicts that many companies will start removing people from these positions within months. Vermorel suggests that tasks requiring high-level human intelligence, such as strategic decisions, are still beyond the capabilities of LLMs.

RFP Madness - Ep 154

Joannes Vermorel challenges the conventional wisdom of procurement processes, questioning the necessity of RFIs, RFPs, and RFQs. He argues these documents are more habitual than essential, suggesting that procurement involves both indispensable and arbitrary steps.

Resilience, Risk, and Effective Leadership (with Knut Alicke) - Ep 153

Knut Alicke of McKinsey joins Lokad to discuss the need for systematic planning and digital tool utilization, as well as his recent (co-authored) book, From Source to Sold. Alicke emphasizes the importance of visibility and pre-warning systems to detect potential disruptions, and elucidates some of the key ingredients for successful supply chain leadership.

The future of supply chain practice - Discussion with Joannes Vermorel at the Ecole des Mines de Paris (French)

Recorded at Paris' Ecole des Mines in summer 2023, Lokad CEO and founder, Joannes Vermorel, explains the quantitative supply chain perspective in detail and how it will shape the future of supply chain practice.

Large Language Models in Supply Chain (with Rinat Abdullin)

In a recent dialogue, Conor Doherty of Lokad conversed with Joannes Vermorel and Rinat Abdullin about generative AI's impact on supply chains. Vermorel, Lokad's CEO, and Abdullin, a technical consultant,discussed the evolution from time series forecasting to leveraging Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT. They explored LLMs' potential to automate tasks, enhance productivity, and assist in data analysis without displacing jobs. While Vermorel remained cautious about LLMs in planning, both acknowledged their utility in composing solutions. The interview underscored the transformative role of AI in supply chain management and the importance of integrating LLMs with specialized tools.

The Role of Scarcity in Supply Chain

In a dialogue with Conor Doherty, Joannes Vermorel, founder of Lokad, criticizes mainstream supply chain theory for overlooking resource scarcity and alternative uses. Joannes Vermorel argues that traditional theory assumes a known future, eliminating the need for resource allocation decisions. He emphasizes the importance of time in supply chain management, stating that no resource is truly scarce given enough time. Joannes Vermorel also criticizes the mainstream view for ignoring the complexities of allocation decisions and the importance of financial assessments. He suggests that supply chain optimization should involve probabilistic forecasting and stochastic optimization, assessing all possible futures and making decisions based on expected returns.

MRO Holdings' Quantitative Supply Chain Revolution (with Ricardo Alvarez Henao)

In a recent dialogue, Ricardo Alvarez Henao, Supply Chain Director at MRO Holdings, shared insights on the aviation MRO sector with Luciano Lisiotti of Lokad. Alvarez Henao emphasized the importance of anticipation and visibility in supply chain risk management, noting that inaccurate forecasts could lead to operational delays or surplus inventory. He also highlighted emerging trends in the MRO industry, including a post-pandemic bounce back, a trend towards partnerships, and the increasing complexity of demand. Alvarez Henao stressed the importance of embracing volatility and complexity, and the usefulness of probabilistic demand planning and forecasting. He concluded that while the MRO sector is more complex than the fast-moving consumer goods sector, the principles of leading a supply chain are similar.

Quantitative Supply Chain: What our clients think

Lokad is fortunate to collaborate with many significant clients across a diverse range of verticals. The challenges each client faces are unique and thus require tailored, programmatic, and automated solutions. Hear what some of our clients have to say about their quantitative supply chain solutions!

The Evolution of Supply Chain Education (with Paul Jan)

Conor Doherty, host of Lokad TV, recently engaged in a discussion with Joannes Vermorel, founder of Lokad, and Paul Jan, a supply chain professor at the University of Toronto. The conversation centered on the evolving field of supply chain management, the role of data, and the importance of education. Vermorel introduced the concept of "wicked problems" in supply chain, highlighting the limitations of Excel and the need for tools like SQL Server. Jan shared his experience transitioning from Excel to more programmatic options, praising Lokad's tool, Envision. Both emphasized the need for industry disruption and the importance of education in supply chain management.

Risks in Supply Chain Management

Conor Doherty, LokadTV host, and Joannes Vermorel, founder of Lokad, discuss the inherent risks in supply chain management. Vermorel emphasizes that the primary risk is the uncertainty of the future, which is irreducible and beyond control. He notes that every decision involves a trade-off between risk and reward, and that zero risk is unattainable. Vermorel also highlights the opportunities that can arise from these risks, such as capitalizing on market shortages. He advocates an agile and opportunistic mindset, and the use of probabilistic forecasting to mitigate risk. Vermorel and Doherty conclude by agreeing that even small companies can benefit from risk management, leading to increased margins and cash flow.

Supply Chain Board Games (with Mathias Le Scaon)

In a LokadTV interview, Lokad's Conor Doherty converses with Joannes Vermorel of Lokad and Mathias Le Scaon of Zensimu about the development and purpose of supply chain games. Zensimu creates online games to educate on supply chain topics, while Lokad has released a board game, SkuZ, to make supply chain practice more engaging. Both founders discuss the challenges of balancing realism, learning, and entertainment in game design. They also touch on the potential of AI in supply chain games, with Mathias expressing skepticism due to added complexity. Both commit to continuous improvement and innovation in their games.

Forecast Value Added - Supply Chain in 3 minutes

Conor Doherty, Lokad's technical writer, discusses Forecast Value Added (FVA), a diagnostic tool for evaluating the value of each step in the forecasting process. FVA integrates insights from various departments to enhance forecasting precision. Doherty notes that FVA presumes that greater forecasting accuracy is always beneficial, which is not always the case. He suggests that the focus should be on reducing monetary error rather than pursuing greater accuracy. He concludes that FVA could be used as a competence test, but does not validate the routine use of non-specialists for forecasting input.

Customizing Trek Bikes (Mastering Configurability with Dan Scharneck) - Ep 147

In a dialogue moderated by Conor Doherty, Joannes Vermorel of Lokad and Dan Scharneck, the Director of Supply Chain at Trek Bicycle explored the intricacies of supply chain management for customizable products. Vermorel emphasized the combinatorial complexity of supply chains, noting that companies are using them as a differentiator for customer experience. Scharneck agreed, highlighting the importance of delivering custom products promptly and reliably. He acknowledged the challenges of managing inventory with traditional ERP systems, leading Trek to adopt Lokad's more adaptable solution. Vermorel explained that Lokad uses probabilistic forecasts to assess the risk of bottlenecks, providing a more powerful perspective on supply chain delays. Both agreed on the importance of managing supply chain complexity and the value configurability offers to customers.

Does forecast accuracy even matter?

Joannes Vermorel, CEO of Lokad, criticizes the traditional understanding of forecast accuracy in supply chain management, arguing that it doesn't reflect the core DNA of a business. He suggests that time series forecasts, which are commonly used, are overly simplistic and do not accurately represent the future for supply chain purposes. Vermorel proposes a different approach, focusing on being quantitatively faithful to the essence of a company. He criticizes the focus on incremental improvements and suggests that companies should look for simpler, better solutions. Vermorel emphasizes the importance of understanding the essence of the problem and producing quantifiable statements that make sense for the business.

Innovating Inventory management at Celio with Julie Schaf

In this interview recorded in spring 2023 at a Celio store in Rosny-sous-Bois, Joannes Vermorel (founder of Lokad) and Julie Schaf (Supply Chain Director at Celio), discuss their ongoing supply chain optimization partnership. Schaf praises Lokad's approach, which differs from traditional tools by focusing on product value, optimizing shortage management, and offering high responsiveness to evolving needs. She points out that Lokad anticipates shortages and prioritizes the dispatch of high-performing products to the most profitable stores for each given item. Their close collaboration facilitates rapid adaptation to required changes, generating beneficial economic and operational impacts for Celio.

MRO Complexity Explained (Paris Air Show 2023)

Effective MRO (maintenance, repair and overhaul) requires meticulous management of up to several million parts per plane, where any unavailability can result in costly aircraft-on-ground (AOG) events. Traditional solutions to manage this complexity involve implementing safety stock formulas or maintaining excessive inventory, both of which have limitations and can be financially untenable. Lokad, through a probabilistic forecasting approach, focuses on forecasting the failure or repair needs of every individual part across the fleet and assessing the immediate and downstream financial impact of potential AOG events.

Backorders - Supply Chain in 3 minutes

Backorders are purchase orders made to the supplier for products that are already out of stock from a given location being served. Backordering is the process of selling inventory that the company doesn’t currently have on hand, and can therefore only take place when the demand is captured in a formal manner.

Inventory Control - Supply Chain in 3 minutes

Inventory control encompasses all the processes that support the supply, the storage, and the accessibility of items in order to ensure their availability while minimizing inventory costs. It can be split into two major areas. The management of inventory and the optimization of inventory. When managing the inventory, the goal is to sustain a high productivity for all inventory operations.

Spilling to Disk in .NET

In order to process more data than can fit in memory, programs can spill some of that data to a slower but larger storage, such as NVMe drives. Through a combination of two rather obscure .NET features (memory-mapped files and memory managers), this can be done from C# with little to no performance overhead. This talk given at Warsaw IT Days 2023 dives into the deep details how this works, and discusses how the open source NuGet package Lokad.ScratchSpace hides most of those details from developers.

Stock Optimization at Air France Industries with Stephan Lise

Recorded in the autumn of 2022 at Air France's aircraft engine repair facilities, the interview features Stéphan Lise and Joannes Vermorel discussing "Prognos for Inventory", a collaborative tool between Lokad and Air France for optimized stock management in the aerospace industry. They emphasize the complexity of the sector, especially the prediction of needs for expensive parts. The tool proved crucial during the COVID-19 crisis, quickly adapting operations. Mr. Lise highlights the agility of Prognos for Inventory compared to other enterprise solutions, emphasizing its ability to adapt to user processes while allowing effective inter-process communication.

Demand Driven Material Requirements Planning (DDMRP) - Supply Chain in 3 minutes

Demand Driven Material Requirements Planning (DDMRP) is a quantitative method intended to optimize the supply chain performance of multi-echelon manufacturing businesses. This method delivers the quantities to be either bought or manufactured for any SKU of a BOM. A BOM (Bill of Materials) represents the assemblies, components and parts needed to manufacture an end-product. DDMRP seeks to determine, at any point of time, how much more raw materials should be sourced and whether more units of any SKU should be produced.

Managing a fashion supply chain at Celio With David Teboul

In this interview recorded onsite at a Celio store in Rosny-sous-Bois, Joannes Vermorel and David Teboul (Managing Director of Operations at Celio) discuss the resurgence of Celio following the challenges of 2020-2021. David highlights the importance of a "normal" customer-focused approach in transforming the brand. Lokad supported this transformation by assisting in optimizing the supply chain to better cater to a diverse range of stores and offers. Despite increasing complexity and the rise of online commerce, David emphasizes the need for agility and the critical role of physical stores for Celio, while striving to understand and meet customer needs through various touchpoints.

On Knowledge, Time and Work for Supply Chains - Lecture 1.7

Supply chains abide by the general economic principles. Yet, these principles are too little known and too frequently misrepresented. Popular supply chain practices and their theories often contradict what is generally agreed upon in economics.

The Supply Chain of the Future at Air France Industries with Guillaume Adrien

Guillaume Adrien, VP of Supply Chain Design and Performance at Air France Industries, and Joannes Vermorel, Lokad's founder, discuss the complexities of aviation supply chain optimization. Adrien explains that the nature of the industry demands swift response to unpredictable circumstances, with safety being a top priority. The collaboration with Lokad and the use of predictive optimization technology has resulted in noticeable improvements in non-stock management and other supply chain areas. Emphasizing the ongoing transformation of Air France's supply chain, Adrien highlights the need for adaptability, curiosity, data-driven mindsets, and innovation in aspiring engineers. The goal is to create a digital twin of the supply chain for potential optimizations.

Virtue Signaling in Supply Chain - Ep 145

In a comprehensive discussion spanning philosophy, law, ethics, and economics, Conor Doherty and Joannes Vermorel, Lokad founder, dissect the role of virtue within corporations and supply chains. Vermorel articulates the necessity for corporate values that benefit not only the company but also its employees and society at large, for long-term profitability. He highlights the importance of legal frameworks to balance profit-seeking and societal good. Vermorel explores challenges in long-term growth strategies, talent retention, and the intersection of internal and external values, especially for multinational corporations. He critiques virtue signaling as often disingenuous and unnecessary. Ultimately, Doherty is somewhat skeptical about the space for virtue in business, yet Vermorel is more sanguine and posits that corporations can't merely pretend to uphold virtues but must genuinely live up to them.

Analyzing ABC XYZ - Ep 144

Conor Doherty and Joannes Vermorel investigate popular stock analysis tool ABC XYZ Analysis, arguing its oversimplification leads to information loss. Vermorel challenges conventional practices of managing service levels and safety stock separately. Vermorel advocates for technology-aided supply chain management, given the complexity of handling large quantities of products. He criticizes the ABC XYZ analysis for lacking dynamism and not considering customers' perspectives. Vermorel favors a probabilistic approach to supply chain management, which can offer a more nuanced understanding of risks and aid in inventory decision-making.

The End of Certainty (White-boxing Probabilistic Forecasting with Pierre Pinson) - Ep 143

In an interview with Conor Doherty, Joannes Vermorel, founder of Lokad, and Pierre Pinson, Chair of Data-centric Design Engineering at Imperial College London, discuss probabilistic forecasting and its applications in various fields. They emphasize the importance of understanding uncertainty in forecasting and the need for ongoing education in the area. All three agree that innovation happens faster than people can embrace it, and they encourage staying updated on new developments in the field and being prepared for the advancements yet to come.

Pricing Optimization for the Automotive Aftermarket - Lecture 6.2

The balance of supply and demand very much depends on prices. Thus, pricing optimization belongs to the realm of supply chain, at least to a sizeable extent. We will present a series of techniques to optimize the prices of a fictitious automotive aftermarket company. Through this example, we will see the danger associated with abstract lines of reasoning that fail to see the proper context. Knowing what ought to be optimized is more important than the fine print of the optimization itself.

Aircraft Engine Maintenance Repair and Overhaul at Air France Industries with Fanny Kientz

Joannès meets Fanny Kientz -the Vice-President of Engine Supply Chain and Assets at Air France Industries (AFI)- to discuss about the path of the maintenance/repair process and all the associated constraints. The challenges for aircraft supply chain are also talked through, with a focus on the balance between costs and operational efficiency or post-pandemic adaptation. Fanny highlights the important contribution of Lokad to release the potential from the data, allowing AFI to optimize the entire activity.

Spare Part Optimization for Aircrafts at Air France Industries with Olivier Pelloux-Prayer

Aircraft components fail frequently and the costs of maintaining regular safety stock is prohibitive. What is the key to achieving the right balance between uninterrupted customer operations and having the right stock, at the right place at the right price? VP Assets and Outsourced Repairs of component division, Olivier Pelloux-Prayer, shares some advice on how to keep inventory at the best level while keeping customers satisfied.

Quantum Computing and Enterprise Software (with Olivier Ezratty) - Ep 142

Quantum technology expert Olivier Ezratty discusses with Joannes Vermorel the potential of quantum computing, communication, and sensing. Quantum computing aims to harness quantum phenomena like superposition and entanglement to perform tasks beyond classical computers' capabilities. Quantum communication has applications beyond security, such as the quantum internet and distributed quantum computing. Quantum sensing can measure physical properties with unprecedented precision. Despite progress in the field, there is still a significant gap between theoretical knowledge and practical implementation. The timeline for widespread adoption remains uncertain, with experts estimating 10-15 years before quantum technology reaches its full potential.

ABC XYZ - Supply Chain in 3 minutes

ABC XYZ Analysis is a categorization tool aimed at identifying the best-performing products in one’s catalog. This information is often used to set service level and safety stock targets. Unlike ABC Analysis, which focuses exclusively on a single variable (typically revenue), ABC XYZ attempts to quantify a second dimension (variance). In this tutorial, Conor explores ABC XYZ and delivers his verdict.

Optimizing Retail Stock Allocation at Worten (with Bruno Saraiva) - Ep 141

Bruno Saraiva, Head of Stock and Space Management at Worten, joins Joannes and Conor in studio to discuss the challenges of retail stock allocation and Worten's collaboration with Lokad. Bruno also shares his experience in the retail industry and the crucial role of supply chain management in customer satisfaction. Saraiva shares his experience working with Lokad, noting that the company's approach has helped Worten make better inventory management decisions while still allowing employees the freedom to challenge and question recommendations. He believes that trust and collaboration between teams are crucial for a successful supply chain management strategy.

Piloting promotions with the help of Lokad at La Redoute

Exclusive interviews with Mary Leitao and Ludovic Bidault, Heads of Purchase Management at La Redoute, who graciously took the time to discuss La Redoute’s predictive optimization partnership with Lokad. La Redoute, the second largest women’s clothing retailer, chose Lokad to drive transformation around predictive optimization. The goal of this collaboration was to use artificial intelligence to better manage the match between pricing, sales performance, and inventory.

Generative AI in Supply Chain (ChatGPT and the Perils of Flimflam) - Ep 140

Generative AI – ChatGPT, Stable Diffusion, or similar – has captured mainstream attention in a way few could have predicted. The fruits of this innovation can be found in practically every sector, from supply chain vendors to students at university. Some herald this as the beginning of a new era; one where artificial intelligence will work alongside humans, replacing many of the mundane tasks of modern business, work and study. Others are far more tentative, believing the merits of generative AI are grossly overstated, if not outright fraudulent.

Supply Chain Lessons from Financial Markets (with Peter Cotton) - Ep 139

In an interview, Peter Cotton, Chief Data Scientist at Intech, and Joannes Vermorel, founder of Lokad, discuss probabilistic forecasting, the M6 forecasting competition, and the differences between finance and supply chain perspectives on volatility and uncertainty. They emphasize that perfect forecasts are impossible and probabilistic forecasting can help make better decisions amid volatility. Both agree on the value of simplicity and robustness in handling complex systems, whether financial markets or supply chains. They also discuss issues like P-hacking, transparency in prediction model errors, and market mechanisms for improving predictions. Vermorel highlights the cultural challenges in supply chain management, while Cotton emphasizes the importance of markets in improving overall forecasting.

The Supply Chain Scientist - Lecture 7.3

At the core of a Quantitative Supply Chain initiative, there is the Supply Chain Scientist (SCS) who executes the data preparation, the economic modeling and the KPI reporting. The smart automation of the supply chain decisions is the end-product of the work done by the SCS. The SCS takes ownership of the generated decisions. The SCS delivers human intelligence magnified through machine processing power.

Beyond Safety Stock: The Role of Probabilistic Forecasts in Supply Chain (with Sim Taylor) - Ep 138

The meaning, role, and value of probabilistic forecasting are often viewed as mysterious and impossible to grasp without a degree in data science. On the contrary, probabilistic forecasting is rather intuitive, as we discussed with our guest, Sim Taylor.

Debunking Supply Chain Terminology - Supply Chain in 3 minutes

In supply chains a sizable portion of supply chain terminology is inadequate. Good terminology should be as neutral and factual as possible, however this is far from the case in supply chain. We suggest changes to ABC analysis, service level, safety stock, seasonality, EOQ, BI and ERP, along with an explanation behind our proposed improvements.

Running a Large Scale Aviation Supply Chain at Air France Industries with Jacques Dauvergne

More than 1000 flights from nearly 200 companies are able to take-off daily thanks to the repairs and maintenance carried out by Air France Industries. If you are curious to learn how such a complex supply chain program runs and how Lokad is coordinating efforts to optimize the process, Jacques Dauvergne- Senior Vice President Supply Chain at AFI- is happy to share all the aspects and insights of the story.

Long-term Supply Chain Resilience while Firefighting (a discussion with Jay Koganti) - Ep 137

Resilience is very much this decade’s supply chain cause célèbre (and with good reason). The intrusion of constant shocks - and the inevitable firefighting that follows - has tested the resilience (and exposed the fragility) of supply chains across the globe.

Kanban - Supply Chain in 3 minutes

The Kanban method was initially implemented to improve manufacturing efficiency and reduce waste by providing a simple and visual material replenishment process so that every step of the production process would get just enough to operate smoothly without stockpiling raw materials or components.

Histories of the Future: A Discussion with Jonathon Karelse - Ep 136

Histories of the Future Milestones in the Last 100 Years of Business Forecasting, by Jonathon Karelse, charts the fascinating development of business forecasting tools, techniques and innovations over the last century.

Revima X Lokad - Projet d'Optimisation des Stocks

Interviews exclusives avec Olivier Legrand (Président de Revima) ; Brice Arias (Responsable de la chaîne d'approvisionnement de Revima, APU & Landing gear MRO) ; Sebastien Honore (Revima LDG - Buyer & Planner) ; Thomas Niel (Revima Purchasing Group) ; et Simon Schalit (Directeur des opérations chez Lokad).

Lead-time forecasting - Lecture 5.3

Lead times are a fundamental facet of most supply chain situations. Lead times can and should be forecast just like demand. Probabilistic forecasting models, dedicated to lead times, can be used. A series of techniques are presented to craft probabilistic lead time forecasts for supply chain purposes. Composing those forecasts, lead time and demand, is a cornerstone of predictive modeling in supply chain.

Problem- vs Solution-oriented Software Design in 3 minutes

Every single SKU calls for mundane daily decisions, such as moving in more stock or changing the underlying price tag. Naturally, sticking to a fully manual process for those decisions is labor intensive and companies have been adopting varied software-based automation solutions.

Bureaucracies in Supply Chains in 3 minutes

At the core, there are two fundamental problems that, almost without exception, lead to the undoing of supply chain optimization initiatives. First, a misguided thirst for control; second, bureaucracy taking precedence over reality.

Choosing the right service level in 3 minutes

The service level represents the desired probability of not getting a stock-out. The more product you stock, the lower the chances of running out of stock, but also the higher the inventory cost. Deciding on the right service level for a certain product is essentially balancing inventory costs with the cost of a stock out.

Logistics and Supply Chain at La Redoute

Patrice Fitzner decided a decade ago to translate his knowledge from the automotive industry to La Redoute, the second largest women’s clothing retailer. Patrice has been a major contributor in the creation and success of La Redoute’s ultra-modern logistics platform called Quai 30.

Why a digital aviation supply chain? Answers by Air France Industries

Exclusive interviews with Jacques Dauvergne (Senior VP Supply Chain); Fanny Kientz (VP Engine Supply Chain and Assets); Guillaume Adrien (VP Supply Chain Design and Performances); Olivier Pelloux-Prayer (VP Assets and Outsourced Repairs of Component Division); and Stephan Lise (Head of Prognos for Inventory).

The Real Beer Game (with Jes Bengtsson) - Ep 135

A mainstay of supply chain tutorials since the 1960s, The Beer Game has taught students how to visualise the oftentimes tricky coordination of upstream and downstream supply chain processes.

Supply Chain Triangle in 3 minutes

The supply chain triangle refers to the correlation between cost, cast and service in a supply chain. A business provides its customers with a certain type of service that requires both cash to produce and deliver and has a cost associated with it.

Fresh Food for Supply Chains (with Richard Lubienski)

How do the principles of supply chain forecasting apply to a business dealing with perishable stock? Are there unique supply chain challenges for companies in this space? What additional layers of complexity and randomness must this sector contend with when forecasting stock levels?

Prioritized ordering in 3 minutes

Supply chain literature most often focuses on ordering policies where each separate item is treated in complete isolation to all the other items. the decision to order more units of item A is strictly independent from the decision to order more units of item B. In contrast, the prioritized ordering policy emphasizes multi-item decisions, where each item competes for capital allocation with all the other items.

Supply Chain Persona: Stuttgart, an automotive aftermarket company - Lecture 3.4

Stuttgart is a fictitious automotive aftermarket company. They operate a network of stores delivering car repairs, car parts and car accessories. In the early 2010s, Stuttgart also started two ecommerce channels, one to buy and sell car parts, and one to buy and sell used cars.

Micro fullfilment in 3 minutes

Micro fulfillment is a strategy used by retailers to improve the efficiency of the e-commerce order-fulfillment process. The objective is to stock the fast-moving SKUs in multiple small storage facilities situated close to the end customer.

Home Segment & Supply Chain challenges at La Redoute

While pricing and promotions sound as straightforward as offering the best price and maximizing margins, the equation becomes tremendously more difficult when factoring in the enormous size of the catalog, its diversity and seasonality.

Profit from the Source (with Christian Schuh)

Christian SCHUH is a Managing Director and Senior Partner at Boston Consulting Group. With his 27-year career in procurement consulting for the automotive, engineering and defense industries, he believes that the most important factor in the success of a business now and in the future is the close relationship between a company and its suppliers.

Odd pricing in 3 minutes

Odd pricing is a pricing method aimed at maximizing profit by making micro-adjustments in pricing structure, relying on the assumption that consumers are calculation-averse and will only read the first digits of a price.

Supply Chain News on news.lokad.com

The world of Supply Chain is exceedingly opaque and there are very few places on internet nowadays where you can learn anything of value about it. While Reddit targets a young category of users and Wikipedia is bound to contain old and somewhat deprecated information, LinkedIn remains one of the only trustworthy source of information in the field, due to the experience of the professionals that are sharing their experiences.

Fashion Segment & Supply Chain challenges at La Redoute

As the second largest women’s clothing retailer, La Redoute’s teams manage a grand total of 18,000 references with a renewal rate of 70% to 80%. Pricing being the number one concern for online customers, the task of managing pricing policies for the entire catalog while maximizing margin is immensely complex if you factor in the evolution of legislation and promotional pressure.

Bringing automated supply chain decisions to production - Lecture 7.2

We seek a numerical recipe to drive an entire class of mundane decisions, such as stock replenishments. Automation is essential to make supply chain a capitalistic endeavor. However, it carries substantial risks of doing damage at scale if the numerical recipe is defective.

La Redoute x Lokad - Visit of Quai 30 / What does a modern warehouse look like

As a European leader in ecommerce with a catalog of humongous size and diversity, La Redoute needed a state-of-the-art logistics platform that could handle 300,000 stocked products and process more than 3,500 orders per hour.

Digital Twins of real-world Supply Chains

Digital twin has become a buzzword in the supply chain industry, and refers to a virtual representation of a physical process. A supply chain’s digital twin is a simulation of that supply chain as a whole. In this episode, we challenge the claims that digital twins are delivering on their promise of conducting accurate simulation and what-if modeling to immediately see the impact of various supply chain decisions.

Co-packing in 3 minutes

Co-packing is the process of packing products together to create a shelf-ready product for the retailer to sell.Services from specialized co-packing providers can be quite extensive, from designing the packaging (whether that be blister packs, shrink wrapping, liquid dispensing packaging, etc.), to laminating, folding flyers, printing and attaching labels or barcodes to products, dry/liquid filling, or kitting.

The Strategy-driven Supply Chain (with Bram Desmet)

In this episode, we are honored to welcome Bram Desmet, professor, keynote speaker and founder of the Strategy-Driven Supply Chain Institute to discuss the profound link between supply chain and a company’s strategy.

La Redoute x Lokad - Optimisation Prédictive via l'Intelligence Artificielle

La Redoute, the second largest women's clothing retailer, chose Lokad to drive transformation around predictive optimization. The goal of this collaboration was to use artificial intelligence to better manage the match between pricing, sales performance, and inventory.

EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) in 3 minutes

The economic order quantity is essentially a trade-off between the ordering cost and inventory holding cost. If the company’s ordering costs or product demand increases, the order quantity increases. Similarly, if the holding cost increases, the order quantity decreases.

Getting started with a quantitative supply chain initiative - Lecture 7.1

Conducting a successful predictive optimization of a supply chain is a mix of soft and hard problems Unfortunately, it is not possible to take those aspects apart. The soft and hard facets are deeply entangled. Usually, this entanglement collides frontally with the division of work as defined by the organigram of the company.

Emerging algorithmic paradigms for supply chain optimization (with David Simchi-Levi)

In this episode we are discussing paradigms that are now emerging for optimization and learning in Supply Chain, and we are joined by Prof. David Simchi-Levi,author of over 300 publications, in which a common topic is algorithmic paradigms for supply chain.

KPI (key performance indicator) in 3 minutes

KPIs stands for Key Performance Indicators and are extensively used in supply chain management to measure how a business is performing in a specific area to indicate how effectively the company is achieving its business targets.

Stockouts in 3 minutes

A stockout happens when the inventory is exhausted. Stockouts are usually treated as problems to be fixed, and many inventory methods, such as safety stocks, have been devised to control the frequency associated with those events.

Styling Prices for Retail in 3 minutes

Better price tag design can significantly manipulate demand to increase the company’s profit. The price should be displayed in small size, on the bottom left of the label for best results as that makes the price seem as small as possible to the consumer.

What Went Wrong at Peloton - Supply Chain in Focus

In an economy stricken by a pandemic, Peloton quickly found itself rising to the top of the connected-fitness food chain. Two years later, thousands of employees are getting fired and Peloton is considering a potential sale to other corporations.

Competitive pricing in 3 minutes

A competitive pricing strategy focuses on matching your price with your competitors based on the assumption that the market has already defined the right price for a product.

Pricing strategies in 3 minutes

Prices represent a trade-off between short-term and long-term strategies, profitability and market share as well as levels of cash flow. A company sets its prices with different objectives in mind, such as profitability, cash flow or growth.

Prices and stocks optimization at Mister Auto

French car parts distributor Mister Auto has choosen Lokad for both its inventory optimization and its pricing optimization. As the European automotive aftermarket includes hundreds of thousands of part references, stocking all parts at all time isn't economically viable. Moreover, minimal order quantities (MOQs) further complicates the fulfillement of the demand, typically both intermittent and erratic for most parts. Finally, the European automative aftermarket is fiercely competitive, requiring constant pricing readjustments to stay ahead of the competition.

Retail stock allocation with probabilistic forecasts - Lecture 6.1

Supply chain decisions require risk-adjusted economic assessments. Converting probabilistic forecasts into economic assessments is nontrivial and require dedicated tooling. However, the resulting economic prioritization, illustrated by stock allocations, proves itself more powerful than traditional techniques. We start with the retail stock allocation challenge. In a 2-echelon network that includes both a distribution center (DC) and multiple stores, we need to decide how to allocate the stock of the DC to the stores, knowing that all stores compete for the same stock.

Retail Channel Promotions in 3 minutes

A promotion is an activity where a type of marketing communication is used to inform a target audience of a particular product or service, for example that it now has a discounted price. Companies engage in promotions to boost sales and revenue, but also to disrupt customer behavior in their favor. When a company runs a promotion, communication must put that forward to the target audience to ensure the desired uplift in demand for that product or their store.

Lean Supply Chains in 3 minutes

What does it mean for a supply chain to be lean? In manufacturing, lean describes the method that maximizes productivity while simultaneously minimizing waste. A lean Supply Chain also aims to eliminate waste through better inventory control and streamlining all supply chain processes, although supply chains are by nature very complex and frequently see conflicting incentives and points of view.

Shipping Containers in 3 minutes

The global use of containers for transportation has resulted in major cost reductions, boosting supply chain efficiency. One of the container’s key advantages is its global ‘Standardization’ of its dimensions regardless of location. Cargo is shipped in containers that are either exactly the same or a multiple of the standard unit of size.

Feedback Loops and Machine Learning in Supply Chain

Advancements in technology, such as machine learning and AI, have provoked the question on how to best apply this technology in order to maximize the supply chain performance. Can machine learning be applied in a way that, by providing it with more and more forecasting data, increasingly better forecasts are being produced through complex feedback loops?

Data Aggregation and Forecasting

When it comes to demand forecasting, there is an incredible diversity of methods and levels of data aggregation that are used. Some companies forecast on a daily basis whilst others on weekly, monthly, quarterly or yearly basis. Some forecast at the SKU level whilst others at the category level. How does one choose the right level of data aggregation?

Cross-docking in 3 minutes

Cross-docking, is a logistics method of having goods enter and exit the facility without ever being put in storage. Whilst this method removes loading and pick up operations from warehousing staff, it does so at the expense of the flexibility offered by having the goods stored at the warehouse. Not holding stock certainly comes with many attractive advantages, but also drawbacks such as worse deals with suppliers and a reduction of service to the customers.

Time Series for Supply Chain in 3 minutes

Time series are one of the most basic and versatile mathematical tools used in business to support statistical models and consist of a series of data points linked to a particular point in time. Time series are frequently used to model anything from the evolution of a company’s sales, product prices and lead times on a yearly, monthly, daily or even hourly basis.

Probabilistic Forecasting for Supply Chain - Lecture 5.2

A forecast is said to be probabilistic, instead of deterministic, if it contains a set of probabilities associated with all possible future outcomes, instead of pinpointing one particular outcome as the forecast.

Starting a Career in Supply Chain (with Lora Cecere)

In this episode, we are honored to welcome Lora Cecere, the founder of Supply Chain Insights and expert industry analyst with over 35 years of diverse experience in the field to discuss Starting a Career in Supply Chain and the attractive opportunities it brings.

FMCG (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) Supply Chain in 3 minutes

The FMCG industry is one of the oldest in our civilization. Packaging and processing technologies have continuously been evolving, but other supply chain practices such as optimizing recipe composition, are still managed through trial and error at best.

Hard Luxury Supply Chain in 3 minutes

The supply chain for hard luxury (high end jewellery and watches) is defined by unique challenges. Unlike how most products are otherwise generally mass produced, each piece of hard luxury is either unique or part of a limited collection. Even though these luxury goods are timeless in their value and appreciation, there is still an expectation of novelty from the customer. This sparse demand, combined with a continuous push for novelty, are the main challenges in the supply chain in hard luxury.

Structured predictive modeling for Supply Chain - Lecture 5.1

Differentiable Programming (DP) is a generative paradigm used to engineer a broad class of statistical models, which happen to be excellently suited for predictive supply chain challenges.

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) in 3 minutes

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) refers to a class of enterprise software that supports and keeps track of the routine operations for a company, and tracks its resources, such as cash flow, raw materials, work in progress, end products, client orders, purchase orders, and payroll.

Dynamic Supply Chains (with Dr. John Gattorna)

In this episode we are joined by Dr. John Gattorna, one of the most respected supply chain thought leaders in the world and whose work has influenced many of today’s leading corporations. We discuss the importance of a supply chain strategy that aligns with a customer first approach, the evolution (or devolution) of supply chains in the last century, and whether software advancements that were designed to speed up internal processes have also contributed to slowing them down.

Spare Parts for Supply Chain in 3 minutes

The main goal in the spare parts industry is to minimize the downtime of your valuable assets such as aircrafts, vessels, oil rigs, wind turbines, generators, manufacturing equipment and heavy machinery. Whenever an asset needs repair or maintenance, the piece of machinery undergoes a full stop which is a highly costly scenario.

No1 at the SKU-level in the M5 forecasting competition - Lecture 5.0

In 2020, a team at Lokad achieved No5 over 909 competing teams at the M5, a worldwide forecasting competition. However, at the SKU aggregation level, those forecasts landed No1. Demand forecasting is of primary importance for supply chain.

Fashion Supply Chain in 3 minutes

Fashion is driven by novelty. It constitutes the core of fashion, as well as its key challenge. Fashion brands are continuously producing and designing new collections that are driven by current trends and the upcoming season.

Cybersecurity for supply chain - Lecture 4.7

Cybercrime is on the rise. Ransomware is a booming business. Due to their physically distributed nature, supply chains are particularly exposed. Moreover, ambient complexity is a fertile ground for computer security woes.

Uncertainty in Supply Chain, Lessons from the M5 Competition

Joannes Vermorel outlines a short series of lessons to supply chain practitioners from the M5 Forecasting Competition. The M5 did offer a unique opportunity to do a reality check on the claims of the majority of the supply chain software vendors. This talk was given as part of the M5 Conference.

Copycats in Supply Chain

The supply chain industry is driven by buzzwords. A decade ago, cloud computing and probabilistic forecasts were not associated with the supply chain industry. Now (2021) it is the talk of the industry, alongside AI,blockchain and machine learning. Vendors are quick to keep up to date and adapt with these trends.

Estelle Vermorel's interview with BFM Business

Lokad's Co-founder, Estelle Vermorel, was a guest on the Focus PME show hosted by Vincent TOURAINE on BFM Business.

Software engineering for supply chain - Lecture 4.6

Taming complexity and chaos is the cornerstone of software engineering. Considering that supply chains are both complex and chaotic, it shouldn’t come as too much of a surprise that most of the enterprise software woes faced by supply chains boil down to bad software engineering.

Forecasting Accuracy for Supply Chain in 3 minutes

Forecasting is the practice of analyzing historical data to predict anticipated conditions in the future and is at the core of supply chains. Naturally, increasing their accuracy became highly sought after. But what factors affect forecasting accuracy?

Forecasting Accuracy in dollars instead of percentages

The supply chain industry has for decades been in a constant chase of better accuracy of forecasts in a desperate attempt to predict the future. In fact, forecasting is so common in supply chain practices that every large company has its own division dedicated to improving their forecasting accuracy.

Languages and compilers for supply chain - Lecture 4.5

The majority of supply chains are still run through spreadsheets (i.e. Excel), while enterprise systems have been in place for one, two, sometimes three, decades - supposedly to replace them. Indeed, spreadsheets offer accessible programmatic expressiveness, while those systems generally do not.

Numerical Forecasting for Supply Chain in 3 minutes

At its core, the practice of numerical forecasting is about using a scientific approach to define a future anticipation based on previous historical data. When we produce, or transport goods, there are delays involved in every process. This means that what you decide today ultimately reflects an anticipated condition about the future.

The Bullwhip Effect in 3 minutes

The Bullwhip Effect is a well known supply chain distortion, commonly described as a problem that must be avoided. At Lokad, however, we would argue that the bullwhip effect is a phenomenon that naturally occurs in supply chains, and minimizing it is not necessarily advantageous for your business.

Supply chain persona: San Jose, homeware ecommerce - Lecture 3.3

San Jose is a fictitious ecommerce that distributes a variety of home furnishing and accessories. They operate their own online marketplace. Their private brand competes with external brands, both internally and externally. In order to remain competitive with larger and lower priced actors, San Jose’s supply chain attempts to deliver a high quality of service that takes many forms, well beyond the timely delivery of the goods ordered.

Estelle Vermorel's interview with Demain Entreprendre

Lokad's Co-founder, Estelle Vermorel, was a guest on the "Demain Entreprendre" show hosted by Jerome Libeskind on Demain TV.

Dusting the ERP market (with Fabien Pinkaers)

The Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) market has become almost overgrown with the variety of software solutions offered. Several tech giants are dominating the market, such as SAP, Oracle, Microsoft, and now also Odoo which has become a key player. In this episode, we are thrilled to be joined by Odoo's founder, Fabien Pinckaers, to explore how the ERP market has been both developing in the last decades, but also stagnating.

Service level in 3 minutes

In supply chain, the service level is a measure of quality of service. However, the definition of service level has not been fully agreed on. Some use it as the percentage of total demand covered in units of product, others define it as the percentage of orders fulfilled.

Machine learning for supply chain - Lecture 4.4

Forecasts are irreducible in supply chain as every decision (purchasing, producing, stocking, etc.) reflect an anticipation of future events. Statistical learning and machine learning have largely superseded the classic ‘forecasting’ field, both from a theoretical and from a practical perspective. We will attempt to understand what a data-driven anticipation of the future even means from a modern ‘learning’ perspective.

Mathematical optimization for supply chain - Lecture 4.3

Mathematical optimization is the process of minimizing a mathematical function. Nearly all the modern statistical learning techniques - i.e. forecasting if we adopt a supply chain perspective - rely on mathematical optimization at their core. Moreover, once the forecasts are established, identifying the most profitable decisions also happen to rely, at its core, on mathematical optimization. Supply chain problems frequently involve many variables. They are also usually stochastic in nature. Mathematical optimization is a cornerstone of a modern supply chain practice.

Blockchains for supply chain - Lecture 4.21

Cryptocurrencies have attracted a lot of attention. Fortunes were made. Fortunes were lost. Pyramid schemes were rampant. From a corporate perspective, the blockchain is the polite euphemism used to introduce similar ideas and technologies while establishing a distanciation with those cryptocurrencies. Supply chain use cases exist for the blockchain but challenges abound as well.

The Future shaping the Past in Supply Chain (with Warren Powell)

In supply chains, there's often somewhat of a catch-22 between the optimum decisions you can take today and how these can affect the decisions you can take tomorrow. For this episode of LokadTV, we're delighted to be joined by Warren Powell to discuss the difference between policy and point forecasts and how these can be used to optimize those catch-22 decisions.

How many SKUs should a Supply Chain Planner manage

With modern companies providing increasingly large catalogues and technology facilitating easier stock management, a modern Supply Chain Planner must spin many plates. That's why for this episode of LokadTV we're asking':' how many SKUs should a Supply Chain Planner manage? And just how many is too many?

Amsterdam, cheese brands (persona) - Lecture 3.2

Amsterdam is a fictitious FMCG company that specializes in the production of cheeses, creams and butters. They operate a large portfolio of brands over multiple countries. Many business conflicting goals must be carefully balanced':' quality, price, freshness, waste, diversity, locality, etc. By design, milk production and retail promotions put the company between the hammer and the anvil in terms of supply and demand.

Forecast Value Added

Much like the saying, "a problem shared is a problem halved", Forecast Value Added is a management technique that simplifies a forecast by splitting it into manageable chunks. On this episode of LokadTV, we discuss just how well this works and why decomposing a forecast can actually lead to more difficult decisions.

Bureaucratic core of supply chain

With 95% of the world's supply chains existing in companies of over 1000 employees, organizations must use a complex network of systems and processes. For this episode of LokadTV, we're going to discuss just how bureaucratic these organizations are and what we can do to make supply chain practitioners more efficient.

Modern algorithms for supply chain - Lecture 4.2

The optimization of supply chains relies on solving numerous numerical problems. Algorithms are highly codified numerical recipes intended to solve precise computational problems. Superior algorithms mean that superior results can be achieved with fewer computing resources. By focusing on the specifics of supply chain, algorithmic performance can be vastly improved, sometimes by orders of magnitude. Supply chain algorithms also need to embrace the design of modern computers, which has significantly evolved over the last few decades.

The bullwhip effect (with Stephen Disney)

The "Bullwhip Effect" was an influential paper published in 1997 that looked at how transactional information can be distorted, resulting in knock-on effects upstream on the supply chain. For this episode of LokadTV, we're delighted to welcome Stephen Disney to learn more about how this phenomenon occurs and what impact it can have on supply chain practitioners.

Nonsense in Management Studies (with Dennis Tourish)

The study of management can often tread a fine line between art and science, which naturally paints a confusing picture for many company leaders. For this episode of LokadTV, we're delighted to be joined by Dennis Tourish to discuss how much management research can be trusted and what we can learn from his book, "Management Studies in Crisis':' Fraud, Deception and Meaningless Research."

Modern computers for supply chain - Lecture 4.1

Modern supply chains require computing resources to operate just like motorized conveyor belts require electricity. Yet, sluggish supply chain systems remain ubiquitous, while the processing power of computers has increased by a factor greater than 10,000x since 1990. A lack of understanding of the fundamental characteristics of modern computing resources - even among IT or data science circles - goes a long way in explaining this state of affairs. The software design underlying the numerical recipes shouldn’t antagonize the underlying computing substrate.

Half a century of forecasting science (with Spyros Makridakis)

When it comes to forecasting, we often take it for granted that there are already techniques that have been fully tried and tested. Our guest for this episode didn't have that luxury. For this episode of LokadTV, we welcome Spyros Makridakis, one of the forefathers of forecasting, to discuss its evolution over the past 50 years.

Forecasting elements that stand the test of time (with Rob Hyndman)

Forecasting is an ancient practice that is constantly evolving. As such, many pieces of software fail to stand the test of time. For this episode of LokadTV, we have the pleasure of welcoming Rob Hyndman, whose implemented open-source software has been downloaded by millions of users. We discuss the sustainability of real-world forecasting techniques.

Miami, an aviation MRO (persona) - Lecture 3.1

Miami is a fictitious aviation MRO (maintenance, repair, overhaul) in the USA serving a large fleet of commercial aircraft. In aviation, security is paramount. Parts and components must be routinely inspected and potentially repaired. Miami is in the business of keeping aircraft in the air at all times, avoiding AOG (aircraft on ground) incidents, which happen whenever a part needed to conduct a maintenance operation is missing.

Upgrading supply chain as a science (with Muddassir Ahmed)

Some topics, such as physics, can take almost a lifetime to master and have a vast library of literature. Supply chain education, on the other hand, is still in its infancy. In this episode, we discuss with Dr. Muddassir Ahmed the role of education in supply chain and what the industry can do to attract great minds.

Writing for supply chains - Lecture 2.5

Supply chains involve the coordination of large teams. Thus, written materials are king. Modern supply chains are simply not compatible with oral tradition. Yet, supply chain practitioners often fare terribly as far as their written communication skills are concerned. Let’s review what usability studies, and some notable experts, have to say on these matters.

Food Producers and their Supply Chain challenge (with Olivier Jonard)

Everyone knows the old saying "you are what you eat", but very few of us appreciate just how complex it is to get food on plates at the right place, at the right time and at the right level of freshness. For this episode of LokadTV, we're joined by Olivier Jonard to discuss supply chain in the food industry and how technology can help.

Adversarial market research for enterprise software - Lecture 2.4

Modern supply chains depend on a myriad of software products. Picking the right vendors is a matter of survival. However, as the number of vendors is large, companies need a systematic approach in this undertaking. The traditional market research practice starts with good intent but invariably ends up with bad outcomes, as market research firms end up acting as marketing fronts for the companies they are supposed to analyze. The hope that an unbiased research firm will emerge is misplaced. However, the vendor-on-vendor assessment is a methodology that allows even a biased market research firm to produce unbiased results.

Crazy Claims of Enterprise Software Vendors

It can be said that the pursuit of truth is often what makes progress truly advance. However, in the world of enterprise software vendors, the truth can often be difficult to come by. Especially when the latest technology does not fit in with the design of your product. As such, for this episode of LokadTV, we discuss some of the craziest claims made by software vendors and see how you can separate fact from fiction.

Negative Knowledge in Supply Chain - Lecture 2.3

Antipatterns are the stereotypes of solutions that look good but don’t work in practice. The systematic study of antipatterns was pioneered in the late 1990s by the field of software engineering. When applicable, antipatterns are superior to raw negative results, as they are easier to memorize and reason about. The antipattern perspective is of prime relevance to supply chain, and should be considered as one of the pillars for its negative knowledge.

Action reward, a framework for inventory optimization

The action reward is a vast generalization of the newsvendor problem featuring nonstationary demand, incoming purchase orders, lead times, halfway through stockouts, future decisions and more.

Inventory Optimization Models and Simulations (with Nicolas Vandeput)

Historically, programming has often been seen as an intimidating task reserved for computer whizzes and IT practitioners. Nowadays, however, with the rise of tools such as Python, programming has become that much more accessible. For this episode of LokadTV, we're joined, once more, by Nicolas Vandeput to discuss just how simple programming can actually be.

Experimental Optimization - Lecture 2.2

Far from the naïve Cartesian perspective where optimization would just be about rolling-out an optimizer for a given score function, supply chain requires a much more iterative process. Each iteration is used to identify insane decisions that are to be investigated. The root cause is frequently improper economic drivers, which need to be re-assessed in regards to their unintended consequences. The iterations stop when the numerical recipes no longer produce insane results.

Beyond Statistical Modeling

Despite many companies currently investing huge amounts of resources into establishing data science capabilities, the hard truth is that the majority of these projects fail to impact upon daily business operations. As such, we look beyond classic statistical modelling and explain why the impact of a proper data science department must run far deeper than just collecting data, manipulating it and getting an output.

Paris, a fashion retail network (persona) - Lecture 2.1.1

Paris is a fictitious European fashion brand operating a large retail network. The brand targets women and positions itself as being relatively affordable. While the design line is relatively classic and sober, the main business driver has always been novelty. Multiple collections per year are used to push waves of new products. Pushing the right product, at the right time, at the right price and with the right stock quantity is one of the core challenges.

S&OP in 3 minutes

Sales and Operations Planning, or S&OP as it's more commonly referred to, helps large organisations to synchronise their operations by leveraging a deeper alignment between the supply chain and other key departments.

Supply Chain Personae - Lecture 2.1

A supply chain persona is a fictitious company. Yet, while the company is fictive, this fiction is engineered to outline what deserves attention from a supply chain perspective. However, the persona is not idealized in the sense of simplifying the supply chain challenges. On the contrary, the intent is to magnify the most challenging aspects of the situation, the aspects that will most stubbornly resist any attempt at quantitative modelling and any attempt piloting an initiative to improve the supply chain.

Maintainability of Supply Chain Software

When investing in a piece of supply chain software, there is the expectation that it will last a company decades, rather than just a few years. However, with a rapidly changing tech landscape, this becomes a complicated endeavour. For this episode of LokadTV, we discuss this challenge of maintainability and how it can be impacted by good design.

Quantitative principles for supply chains - Lecture 1.6

While supply chains can’t be characterized by definitive quantitative laws - unlike electromagnetism - general quantitative principles can still be observed. By 'general', we mean applicable to (almost) all supply chains. Uncovering such principles is of prime interest because they can be used to facilitate the engineering of numerical recipes intended for the predictive optimization of supply chains, but they can also be used to make those numerical recipes more powerful overall. We review two short lists of principles":" a few observational principles and a few optimization principles.

A Day in a Life of a Supply Chain Scientist (with Maximilian Barth)

We've previously discussed the importance of a supply chain specialist over someone with more classic data science capabilities. At Lokad, we call them "Supply Chain Scientists". We're joined by one of our Supply Chain Scientists, Maximilian Barth, to learn more about what their role entails.

21st Century Trends in Supply Chain - Lecture 1.5

A few major trends have been dominating the evolution of supply chains over the last decades, largely reshaping the mix of challenges faced by companies. Some problems have largely faded away, such as physical hazards and quality issues. Some problems have risen, such as overall complexity and competition intensity. Notably, software is also reshaping supply chains in profound ways. A quick survey of these trends helps us understand what should be the focus of a supply chain theory.

The Future of Work in Supply Chains (with Markus Leopoldseder and Knut Alicke from McKinsey)

Mahatma Gandhi famously said that “The future depends on what you do today.” ― and for the organizations of tomorrow to be successful they already need to start establishing the right set up and supply chain operating model. We're delighted to welcome Markus Leopoldseder and Knut Alicke from McKinsey to discuss with us which capabilities organizations should be focusing on, and what the future of work in supply chains may look like.

Programming paradigms as Supply Chain theory - Lecture 1.4

While mainstream supply chain theory struggles to prevail in companies at large, one tool; namely Microsoft Excel, has enjoyed considerable operational success. Re-implementing the numerical recipes of the mainstream supply chain theory via spreadsheets is trivial, yet, this is not what happened in practice despite awareness of the theory. We demonstrate that spreadsheets won by adopting programming paradigms that proved superior to deliver supply chain results.

Product-oriented delivery for Supply Chain - Lecture 1.3

The goal of a Quantitative Supply Chain initiative is either to deliver or to improve a software application that robotizes a scope of routine decisions (e.g. inventory replenishments, price updates). The application is viewed as a product to be engineered. The supply chain theory is there to help us deliver an application that steers the company toward supply chain performance, while being compatible with all the constraints that the production entails.

The Quantitative Supply Chain in a nutshell - Lecture 1.2

The Quantitative Supply Chain's manifesto emphasizes a short series of salient points to grasp how this alternative theory, proposed and pioneered by Lokad, diverges from the mainstream supply chain theory. It could be summarized with':' every single decision is scored against all the possible futures according to the economic drivers. This perspective gradually emerged at Lokad as the mainstream supply chain theory, and its implementation by (nearly?) all software vendors, remains challenging.

The Foundations of Supply Chain - Lecture 1.1

Supply chain is the quantitative yet street-smart mastery of optionality when facing variability and constraints related to the flow of physical goods. It encompasses sourcing, purchasing, production, transport, distribution, promotion, ... - but with a focus on nurturing and picking options, as opposed to the direct management of the underlying operations. We will see how the quantitative supply chain perspective, presented in this series, profoundly diverges from what is considered the mainstream supply chain theory.

Numerical Recipes for Supply Chain

Much like a great chef in a Michelin star kitchen, the best data scientists have to craft statistical solutions that adapt and evolve to every scenario. As such, we investigate what it takes to create these numerical recipes and what characterizes the solutions built for our supply chains.

Lead time in 3 minutes

Lead time can be summarised as the latency between the initiation and completion of a process. In a supply chain, this is usually involved whenever goods are purchased, transformed or serviced.

Financial Optimization of Supply Chains

Dollars of profits and losses are the only metric that matter in the long run for any company. At Lokad, we emphasize a strict financial optimization of the supply chain. This approach should not be confused with short-sightedness and other kinds of pseudo-rational methods which are prevalent when finance gets in charge of the strategy. This approach goes against the idea of service levels, and most of the other KPIs similarly defined through percentages.

The Unification of Pricing and Planning

Historically, pricing and planning have been dealt with by separate divisions within companies. This has resulted in inconsistent strategic thinking and data silos. For this episode of LokadTV, we discuss why these two challenges should be dealt with in tandem and how they are actually, in reality, two sides of the same coin.

The Supply Chain Law of Small Numbers

Mainstream statistics are all about the law of large numbers. Yet, supply chains are the opposite. It's the law of small numbers that prevails. For decades, this mistunderstanding has generated problems for practitioners due to misdesigned tools, methods and processes. In this episode, we discuss the challenges and the appropriate perspectives when it comes to small numbers.

Cyber Risk in Supply Chains (with Richard Wilding)

As coronavirus swept the world, numerous organisations quickly transitioned towards remote working. However, with so many employees working from home, these less secure environments created new security vulnerabilities. As such, for this episode of LokadTV, we are joined by Professor Richard Wilding who tackles with us this complex topic of cyber risk in supply chains.

Probabilistic Forecasting in 3 minutes

Probabilistic forecasts are used for everything, from predicting tomorrow's weather to generating betting odds on sporting events. Instead of looking at one possible outcome, this technique looks at all possible events and assigns a probability of each one occurring.

The Quantitative Supply Chain Journey

When starting Lokad back in 2008, we thought we had the solution already all worked out. However, since those early days, there have been many twists and turns along the road, and we have had to change the entire strategy of the company on a large number of occasions.

Predictive Analytics for Business Forecasting (with Eric Wilson)

Here we're joined by the host of IBF’s On Demand Podcast, Eric Wilson, to discuss the role of analytics in modern day organisations and in particular, what we can learn from Eric’s new book titled ‘Predictive Analytics for Business Forecasting’.

Quantitative / Qualitative Paradox in Supply Chains

Better quantitative results in supply chains are frequently obtained through better qualitative, if not highly subjective, perspectives rather than from better numerical methods. Most the breakthroughs, that ultimately lead to quantitative improvements, of Lokad were of a qualitative nature.

Scenario Planning vs. Probabilistic Forecasting

Scenario planning was first pioneered by Shell in the 1970’s and since then has been promoted by consultancies worldwide as a powerful tool to help companies prepare for every eventuality. Here, we discuss the effectiveness of this approach and whether it can be replaced by alternative methods, such as probabilistic forecasting.

Min/Max Inventory Method in 3 minutes

Min/Max is one of the earliest automated replenishment methods that is now used across almost every piece of inventory software on the market. Its roots can originally be traced back to around the 19th century; it was developed as a visual method where you could physically see the amount of stock in a carefully sized bin.

Smoothing Warehouse Operations

Despite the rise of automation, modern day warehouses still rely heavily on manpower, which can lead to diseconomies of scale in periods of heavy demand. As such, we learn more about how decisions can be prioritized and why smoothing warehouse operations is so important when it comes to managing fluctuations in activity.

Pricing Practices for Supply Chain Software

From exorbitant one-time licenses to hidden maintenance fees, it seems like navigating the range of approaches to pricing software can often be somewhat of a minefield. Here, we explore some of the main approaches and learn more about the bad practices to look out for.

What is Supply Chain?

From a company perspective, while dealing with flows of goods, supply chain is the mastery of optionality when facing variability. This episode focuses on what the term ‘Supply Chain’ means, and what are the organisational implications of this definition.

The Importance of Network Design (with Pinak Dutta)

The very design of a supply chain network has a huge impact on inventory optimization. For this episode, we're delighted to welcome Pinak Dutta, Head of Network Optimization at Spreetail, to discuss what constitutes good design and how organisations can exploit this to improve their inventory allocation.

Bill of Materials in 3 minutes

A bill of materials - which is more commonly referred to as a BOM - is a list of the raw materials and associated quantities that are needed to manufacture, assemble or repair an end product. Much like a list of ingredients that a chef would use to make a recipe, a BOM provides us with a compact inventory-oriented representation of the requirements associated with an end product.

Event Sourcing for Supply Chain systems

When relational databases emerged in the 70’s they provided a breakthrough for companies to turn their supply chain digital, decades before the 'digitalization' buzzword. However, event sourcing has now emerged as a more manageable, more reliable and more scalable way to design supply chain systems compared to the relational design. At the core of this revolution, a perspective on reality itself which is too frequently under appreciated by supply chain practitioners.

Walmart forecasting competition - post game analysis (with Rafael de Rezende)

A forecasting competition based on Walmart store data ended June 2020. Lokad ranked 6th out of 909 teams. In this episode, we have a closer look at this unusual sporting event, and what it takes to win such a competition. We are joined by Rafael de Rezende who was leading the Lokad team in this competition.

Better Data for Better Forecasts

Arthur Conan Doyle’s iconic character Sherlock Holmes famously said ‘it is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data’. We certainly agree, as data is the foundation of any optimization process. Here, we discuss what companies that collect data can do and tackle the myth that data has to be perfect for a machine to be able to work with it.

Safety Stock in 3 minutes

In inventory control, there is a financial trade-off between purchasing more inventory and the cost of a potential stock-out. The more stock you have, the more working capital is needed and with too little stock on hand there are potential sales that can be missed, and even entire production processes that could be interrupted.

Open-to-Buy

Open-to-Buy is a budgeting and planning process that is commonly used in the fashion industry to drive purchasing decisions. In this episode, we discuss why this approach is so popular and discuss whether modern technology can provide alternative approaches to keep up with the fast fashion culture.

Early Signals and Forecasting

With a product's success so often relying upon the latest trends, the ability to capture initial demand and detect new crazes is becoming increasingly sought after. Here we discover whether the rise of social media means that forecasting these trends is now possible and what companies can do to react based on early signals.

Assessing Supply Chain Software

Market analysts and consultants can be a useful aid in assessing the multitude of different supply chain software. However, too frequently, those 'experts' hide behind weak and irrational methodologies, instead of providing opinionated insights which would require a lot work from them. Far from being irrational, high-quality subjective reviews nearly always outperform cheap and naive methodologies.

Inventory Turnover in 3 minutes

Inventory turnover is a popular inventory management concept that is used to determine the overall efficiency of an entire supply chain. The ratio reflects the number of times inventory is replaced during a given period of time, and can give a useful indication of both trends and how well a company controls its merchandise. Numerically, it is calculated as the ratio between the cost of goods sold, divided by the cost price of the average stock level over the same time period.

Decision First Supply Chains

Supply chains have historically been built with forecasting at their centre, with the actual decision making process left to the intuition and experience of senior staff. We explore the alternative approach of putting ‘decisions first’, and how this philosophy vastly improves the supply chain performance.

Choosing your ERP

ERPs are misnomed. It should have been ERM standing for Enterprise Resource Management. It's a class of enterprise software that support many routine operations of a company. When it comes to choose an ERP, one must first understand the design and driving forces behind those products.

Supply chain responses in a pandemic (with Cédric Hervet and Stefan Gstettner)

Covid19 has unleashed havoc for supply chains worldwide. Supply chains have recovered fast, but most realize they could have done better. In this episode, we are joined by Cédric Hervet (Kardinal) and Stefan Gstettner (BCG), to discuss how supply chains can fair better during a pandemic crisis.

Supplier Development (with Muddassir Ahmed)

A competent and capable network of suppliers is a critical ingredient of the supply chain performance. In this episode, we are joined by Muddassir Ahmed (Regional Planning & Operations Manager at Bridgestone) to discuss how both parties can extract maximum value from these relationships and what companies can do to maintain and build solid relationships with their suppliers.

Hard Luxury Store Assortment

The nature of the hard luxury market means that despite a growing online presence, the vast majority of purchases are still made in store. With sales reaching as low as one or two units per year, it can often be challenging to know what to display in stores and how best to capitalize upon a demand that is so sporadic. For this episode of LokadTV, we discuss this dilemma and learn what hard luxury stores can do to optimize their assortment.

Hiring for Modern Supply Chains (with Radu Palamariu)

As supply chains have never been so dependent on technology and, in particular, on software technologies, hiring talent is more pressing than ever. The working world is changing and it seems like candidates are now asking more and more of businesses. We're joined by Radu Palamariu, Managing Director of Alcott Global to discuss what modern companies can do to find and retain talent and how supply chains can recruit experts with the right skills.

ABC Analysis in 3 minutes

ABC analysis is an inventory categorization method that provides a prioritization mechanism to concentrate efforts and resources on the items that matter most for a company.The method works by dividing items into categories based on their perceived importance and highlights the most frequently sold and consumed items so that resources can be allocated accordingly.

Inventory Optimization for SMBs

Inventory optimization matters for small and medium companies (SMBs). The choice ranges between investing in costly enterprise software to taking on the challenge of doing it manually in-house. For this episode of LokadTV, we explore this dilemma and try to understand what SMBs can do to get the best out of their, sometimes limited, resources.

Building Trust in a Supply Chain Network (with Sheri Hinish)

As humans, trust is a complex emotion that can often take years to build. It's also a highly important factor in business, which can impact on everything from speed of innovation to the perceived wealth of a nation. For this episode of LokadTV, we discuss this topic with Sheri Hinish the Supply Chain Queen.

Tail Risks in Supply Chains

Tail risks are sudden, unexpected events and they often kill companies. Brexit, the Covid-19 outbreak and Iceland's volcanic eruption are a few recent examples. Classic supply chain practices leave companies wholly unprepared for those events. This does not have to be the case.

Embracing Uncertainty in SCM (with Stefan de Kok)

From demand to supply, and almost everything in between, there is a huge amount of uncertainty within supply chains. Traditionally, this can be managed using buffer stock, but there are often events that occur which can trip up even the most experienced of practitioners. For this episode of LokadTV, we're joined by Stefan de Kok to discuss why this uncertainty is not necessarily a hindrance but something that should be embraced.

Overstocks in Fashion (with Jan Wilmking)

Compared to other industries, most fashion brands have been lagging behind in technology, resulting in overstocks and large discounts. Jan Wilmking, ex-Zalando and ex-McKinsey, sheds light on the fashion industry, and how tech investments do improve the supply chain performance.

Seasonality in 3 minutes

We explore the basic idea of seasonality and learn how it can be confusing to keep track of due to factors such as noise. We explain the impact this can have and why computers are better than humans at predicting the future.

Nurturing Supply Chain Excellence (with Luc Baetens)

Excellency in Supply Chain Management is a journey. Digital technologies have redefined the meaning of 'excellency'. While excellency used to be dominantly about discipline and rigor, excellency increasingly depends on the capacity to challenge the status quo and redefine what is considered as state-of-art.

Drones in Supply Chain (with Emmanuel de Maistre)

Drones can be used in supply chains for deliveries but also for monitoring facilities, and providing assistance for tasks like inventorying. Interview with Emmanual de Maistre, pioneer of the drone industry.

The Role of Excel in Supply Chain

Forecasting demand and optimizing stocks are both usually done in Excel, even in large companies. Many CIOs have tried to move away from spreadsheets to no avail.

The Bionic Supply Chain (with Stefan Gstettner)

The bionic supply chain outlines an approach where the human supply chain expertise is supplemented by machine compute power rather than being replaced by it.

Demand Sensing, a Textbook Illustration of Mootware

Demand Sensing is yet another buzzword in supply chain that does not live up to the community's expectations.

The Supply Chain Triangle of Service, Cost and Cash (with Bram Desmet)

Finding the equilibrium between costs and the amount of cash coming in is a constant battle for any modern day company that provides goods or services. This daily struggle can be captured with a concept called ‘The Supply Chain Triangle’. In today's episode of LokadTV, we meet The Supply Chain Triangle's creator, Bram Desmet, to learn more.

Naked Forecasts Considered Harmful

Here at Lokad, our commitment is to deliver the best forecasts that technology can provide. As a result, potential clients often ask if we can provide forecasts alone instead of a full managed solution. In this episode of LokadTV, we explain why these naked forecasts invariably introduce a whole host of different problems and how, even with better forecasts, a practitioner usually end up degrading the performance of a supply chain.

Real-time Route Optimization (with Cédric Hervet)

With the latest advances in crowdsourced data, we are now able to forecast the impact of traffic congestion and optimize our routes more accurately than ever before. For this episode of LokadTV, we are joined by Cédric Hervet to discuss how real-time route optimization has changed the way delivery companies operate.

Software Design for Supply Chains

Lean Supply Chain Management (Lean SCM) starts with a lean applicative landscape to support the supply chain. However, 'lean' in software is primarily a matter of architectural choices. Those choices define the class of problems where the chosen software design is a good fit, and where it isn't. Many supply chain problems stem from broken-by-design situations where core design choices conflict with real-world requirements.

Sustainable Supply Chains (with Valentina Carbone)

Waste reduction has been the long standing goal of Lean SCM. During the 2000's and 2010's, the focus shifted from 'lean' to 'sustainable supply chains', but there are many points of convergence between these two visions. In particular, both require end-to-end supply chain analysis, as 'local' improvements (e.g. waste reduction) do not necessarily translate into 'global' improvements if inefficiencies are introduced in the process.

Bad Data in Supply Chain

The proper preparation of data is critical to achieve success with difficult undertakings such as accurate demand forecasting. Bad data is usually the scapegoat of failed supply chain initiatives. Yet bad data usually reflects poorly understood software and processes rather than erroneous data entries.

ERPs and Supply Chains (with Akshey Gupta)

The ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) is a misnomer, as it should have been ERM (Enterprise Resource Management). ERPs became prevalent back in the 80's to operate supply chains and remain the transactional core of most larger companies. However, ERPs are now undergoing deep changes to cope with newer supply chain practices as well as newer IT practices that have emerged during the last two decades.

Fresh Food Supply Chain Challenges

The supply chain optimization of the fresh food industry presents specific challenges, most notably the precise control of expiration dates that are very short and complex seasonalities that are typically more erratic than what 'non-fresh' supply chain practitioners would expect.

Willingness to Pay

Willingness to pay is a basic economic concept that determines the maximum amount an individual is willing to pay for a specific good or service. This can be affected by many factors such as marketing and trends, and can often vary massively from consumer to consumer. While this notion is essential to understand market demand, it is too frequently ignored by supply chain practitioners.

Forecasting Demand for Automotive Spare Parts

Accurate demand forecasts for automotive spare parts is important to ensure high service levels that minimize disruptions for customers when their vehicles are in need of mechanical repair. However, the number of distinct parts and the number of distinct vehicles are high, which both complicate the forecasting process.

Pseudo-Science in Supply Chains

Like most complex systems, supply chains are difficult to comprehend. Most naive measurements, such as the forecasting accuracy, only give a partial view of the problem. As a result, during the 90's and 2010's, multiple methods like ABC analysis or safety stocks have persisted while they had neither theoretical grounding nor empirical results to support them.

A/B Testing, Exploration vs. Exploitation

A/B testing is a method of comparing two options, or more, in order to assess which one yields the best outcome. Unfortunately, A/B testing performs poorly when confronted with supply chain challenges. In this episode of LokadTV, we learn why this type of testing is currently being used in a number of industries and why it has historically been so popular. We learn more about how this approach is profoundly weakened when applied to a supply chain and the complexities that mean that alternative approaches work much better.

The Role of Returns in e-Commerce (with Paul Bello)

The convenience of being able to return a product so easily has revolutionised our online shopping experience, with customers now able to shop for a multitude of items, which previously would only have been possible in physical stores. In this episode of LokadTV, we welcome Paul Bello from Revers.io, a company that aims to facilitate customer returns, to discuss with us this change of mindset. We go into more depth on how returns have become such a truly important part of the e-commerce industry and the various impacts that this ease of returns has on a supply chain.

Lokad Quantitative Supply Chain Software

3 min introduction to the 'Quantitative Supply Chain', a predictive approach to deliver superior supply chain performance through probabilistic forecasts and numerical optimization.

Shadow IT in Supply Chains

The predictive optimization of supply chains relies on data that can usually be found somewhere in the company's existing applicative landscape. However, many of these systems may not be managed by IT as they arose from immediate operational needs that weren't covered by the official systems. Shadow IT is the name given to IT systems that are created within a company without the explicit approval of the management.

Using Weather Forecasts to improve Demand Forecasts

The accuracy of demand forecasts is considered a critical ingredient to reduct stock-outs and improve service levels. However, when demand is strongly influenced by the weather, it makes sense to consider refining the demand forecast by leveraging a weather forecast.

Why SKUs Aren't That Simple

The Stock Keeping Unit (SKU) refers to a specific product stored in a specific location. SKUs are central in most inventory control sytems. Many inventory methods are geared around the notion of SKUs. However, the SKU perspective is sometimes detrimental to the very problems that the supply chain is trying to address.

New Media for New Supply Chains (with Sarah Barnes-Humphrey)

Comparatively to other fields, say software engineering or mechanical engineering, supply chain media during the 2000's and the 2010's decades has been dominated by the communications of big-name tech vendors to the detriment of innovation and actual supply chain performance.

A Domain Specific Language (DSL) for Supply Chain

Supply chains are so complex that regular configuration-driven software can't accomodate the sheer diversity of situations faced by practitioners. These limitations apply to inventory control problems as well as demand forecasting situations. Domain-specific languages (DSL) provide an answer to this class of problems.

Digital Transformation in Supply Chain (with Axelle Lemaire)

The performance of a Supply Chain Management (SCM) practice is increasingly dependent on software technologies. The concept of digital transformation covers the complex process associated with the roll-out of a software technology into a large organization.In this episode of LokadTV we are joined by the Global Head of Terra Numerata at Roland Berger, Axelle Lemaire.

What Is Slowbalization?

Due to a vast spectrum of factors, world trade as we know it is changing. From Europe to Asia to the United States, there are changes in the air that have resulted in political forces around the world leaning away from long-standing trends of economic globalization, such as Donald Trump's recent tariff stance against China.

Negative Knowledge in Supply Chain

The Supply Chain Antipatterns represent negative knowledge, that is, knowledge about what doesn't work. Surprisingly, negative knowledge tends to be more robust and more lasting than its positive counterpart, that is, knowledge about what works.

Digitalization in the Fashion Industry (with Madeleine Czigler)

Digitalization is a company-wide tranformation intended to make the most of a now software-driven world. In fashion, digitalization allows you to accelerate your supply chain in order to be more closely aligned with the latest trends. This week we are joined by Madeleine Czigler, a journalist, TV producer and Professor at the American University of Paris who specializes in culture and the fashion industry, to discuss with us how the digital age has really changed the face of the fashion industry.

Toxic Patterns In Supply Chain Software

Great software products in supply chain are few and far between. Most products start as mediocre, and unfortunately, go downhill as years pass. In this episode of LokadTV we explore why we are so 'out of love' with the products we use in the Supply Chain industry and learn what are the key symptoms of the dismal IT landscape many companies find themselves in nowadays.

Differentiable Programming in Supply Chain (Part 3/3)

Differentiable Programming is a hybrid perspective between statistical learning and numerical optimization. This mix is uniquely suited to deliver predictive optimization for supply chains, which also require a mix of learning and optimization.

Differentiable Programming in Supply Chain (Part 2/3)

Yann LeCun, the director of AI research at Facebook, argues that ‘Deep Learning’ has out-lived its usefulness and has coined Differentiable Programming as a fresh machine learning perspective. In particular, this perspective proves itself of prime relevance to address supply chain challenges.

Differentiable Programming in Supply Chain (Part 1/3)

Differentiable Programming is the descendant of Deep Learning. It has unlocked a series of challenges that were previously seen as unsolvable and has paved the way for considerable progress and superior numerical results in the world of supply chains.

Demand Forecasts for Hard Luxury

Hard luxury is characterized by an exceedingly low sales volume. Time-series forecasting methods are ineffective at delivering any kind of supply chain optimization. Yet, the quantitative optimization of assortments, stocks and prices is possible for hard luxury - even when looking at the most disaggregated level, e.g. stores.

Why DDMRP Is Fundamentally Flawed

Demand Driven Material Requirements Planning (DDMRP) is a multi-echelon planning and execution method. This technique is a further development of MRP and works through strategically placed decoupling points and stock buffers in a supply chain. It has been described as being ‘Built for People, Not Perfection’. In this episode of LokadTV we try and learn whether this method really works in practice and why.

The Problem With Flowcasting

Flowcasting has been previously described as 'The Holy Grail of demand-driven supply chain planning'. But just what is it exactly? 'Flowcasting the Retail Supply Chain', a book published in 2006, presents a series of techniques that were intended to revolutionize the retail industry. In this episode of LokadTV, we learn a little more about this concept and debate why a technique that was published in 2006 is still of interest today.

Data Security in Supply Chain

Data is both an asset and a liability. Supply chains require extensive historical records for tracability purposes and to ensure the accuracy of demand forecasts. However, data leaks are damaging events both for the company and its clients. Supply chains have to protect both their physical and software infrastructures.

Blackboxing and Whiteboxing

Any nontrivial demand forecasting model becomes a black box for supply chain practitioners, that is, an opaque subsystem that produces numbers that are difficult to understand and to challenge. Whiteboxing, as part of the Supply Chain Management practice, is the answer to this problem. Practitioners don't need to understand the 'how' but need to understand the 'why'.

Financial Optimization for Supply Chains (avec Laurent Livolsi)

The financial optimization of supply chains starts with putting proper measurements in place. Those measurements must be and must remain closely aligned with the company's strategy. However, too frequently, companies get distracted by non-financial indicators such as the forecasting accuracy.

Pricing Optimization and Supply Chain Management

Pricing optimization is typically not considered as part of the Supply Chain Management (SCM) practice. Yet, pricing is a factor that strongly influences customer demand. Thus both production capacities and stock levels are highly dependent on prices, and must be jointly optimized.

Real Time Visibility in Supply Chains (with Pierre Khoury)

A tight control over lead times is important in order to optimize a supply chain. Yet, while electronic inventory management started to provide transparency on stock levels back in the 70's, tracking mobile assets only came much later. The term 'supply chain transparency' refers to the real-time positioning of all of a supply chain's assets, including the mobile ones.

Data Lakes in Supply Chain

Data lakes are data storage technologies intended for bulk reads and bulk writes. They are particularly well suited to address supply chain challenges, because many situations require an inspection of the company's entire history of orders and stock movements.

POCs (Proofs Of Concept) Don't Work For Supply Chains

Supply chains are complex systems made of many moving parts: goods, people, machines. POCs (Proofs of Concept) routinely fail when attempting Quantitative Supply Chain initiatives because problems get displaced instead of getting solved.

Why You Should Subscribe to LokadTV

Keep up with the latest changes in the Supply Chain industry.

Terabyte Scalability for Supply Chains

The relevant amount of historical data when considering large supply chains frequently exceeds one terabyte. As a result, inventory control requires two distinct flavors of software: transactional software (e.g. an ERP) to manage the resources, and predictive software (e.g. Lokad) to optimize the resources.

Why Safety Stock Is Unsafe

Safety stocks are an inventory optimization method that enforces an extra quantity of stock beyond the expected demand in order to maintain a target service level. This method relies on key statistical assumptions about the demand forecast, most notably that the error is normally found in the distribution.

Multi-Echelon Supply Chain Optimization at Bridgestone (with Nicolas Vandeput)

The inventory optimization of Bridgestone's multi-echelon supply chains entails many challenges. Probabilistic forecasting is used to assess the consequences of every single stock movement and every single production capacity adjustment within the supply network.

Generations of Machine Learning

Machine learning is an umbrella term that includes diverse algorithmic approaches. In supply chain, the historical way of doing machine learning was time-series forecasting. However, this approach has been superseded by a series of superior forecasting approaches.

Quantitative Supply Chain For Fashion

Fashion brands are driven by novelty. This puts a lot of pressure on fashion supply chains to reduce overstocks, both to reduce the discount rates but also to make room for the new collections. Overstocks are typically caused by an incorrect prior forecast of the customer demand.

Data Science For Supply Chain Forecast (with Nicolas Vandeput)

Statistical demand forecasting was pioneered in the 20th century, however it can be revisited with better, more modern statistical approaches. Yet, these methods aren't necessarily more difficult to implement than their older counterparts, because software tooling has also significantly progressed. We are joined by Nicolas Vandeput, a Supply Chain Scientist specialized in demand forecasting and inventory optimization. We discuss his new book: 'Data Science for Supply Chain Forecast'.

Why Lead Times Are Nearly Always Underappreciated

The lead time is the total amount of time, typically counted in days, associated with the inventory replenishment cycle. The amount of stocks that a supply chain needs to operate tends to be roughly proportional to its lead times. Accurately estimating future lead times is critical for accurately estimating the amount of inventory needed to fulfill future demand. However, it is a fundamental factor that is often overlooked by companies, with a far greater importance being placed on forecasting.

Service Level vs. Fill Rate

In supply chain, the service level defines the probability of not hitting a stock-out during the next ordering cycle. However, the fill rate defines the fraction of the customer demand that will be properly served. Service levels and fill rates are distinct, and should not be confused.

The Min/Max Inventory Method Doesn't Work

The Min/Max inventory method defines two stock levels: first, a replenishment threshold, referred to as the 'min', and second, a replenishment target, referred to as the 'max'. Yet, despite its popularity, this method is not suitable for most modern supply chains.

Transforming Complex Supply Chains (with Hervé Hillion)

Supply chains have to undergo profound changes to benefit from software innovations such as predictive optimization technologies. However, transforming complex, many-decade old organizations is difficult. We are joined by Hervé Hillion, one of the founding members of SAY Partners. Hervé explains how change can be effectively conducted across an entire supply chain.

La Formation Des Futurs Décideurs Supply Chain (avec Régis Bourbonnais)

Supply chains are changing and now require a different skillset from their employees than before.

Inventory optimization for an aerospace MRO (with Antony Nardozza)

An aerospace MRO needs to optimize its inventory in order to both minimize the number of AOG incidents and minimize the amount of stocks, typically held in the form of rotables. We are joined by Antony Nardozza, the Head of Inventory Solutions at OEM Services, who previously worked for both Airbus and Spairliners.

Forecasting For Aerospace

Forecasting demand in aerospace is difficult because demand is both highly erratic and intermittent. Also, TAT (turnaround times) need to be forecasted as well. In practice, probabilistic forecasts are required to achieve any meaningful results in the aerospace industry.

Is Forecasting High Growth Possible?

Growth, and more generally trends, needs to be taken into account in order to deliver accurate demand forecasts. However, growth; as a statistical pattern, proves to be more difficult and more elusive to capture than other well-known patterns such as seasonality.

3PL in Global Supply Chains (with Jingyang Xu)

3PL - or third-party logistics - represent a way for companies to externalize their warehousing, distribution and fullfillment. Often when ordering a product on Amazon or eBay for example, the merchant is not actually going to ship the product directly to you themselves and instead uses a specialized company called a 3PL who ships the product on their behalf.

How To Forecast Seasonality

Seasonality is one of the major cyclical patterns that can be used to improve forecasting accuracy. Most supply chain processes tend to be seasonal to some degree. Not only because of demand, but also lead times.

ABC Analysis does not work

The ABC analysis is a widespread inventory categorization method used in many supply chains. Its intent is to prioritize management's attention to where it matters most. Yet, this method has many flaws, and can no longer be considered as state-of-the-art.

Modularisation in Supply Chain

While the physical infrastructure supporting most supply chains is highly modular, their software infrastructure counterpart, e.g. inventory control or demand forecasting systems, tends to be monolithic and brittle. As a result, large scale software supply chain failures are still ongoing.

Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP)

Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) is a corporate practice intended to deliver superior supply chain execution by leveraging a deeper alignment with other divisions beyond supply chain - most notably sales, finance and production. Despite the claims from multiple vendors that the best-in-class businesses operate under S&OP, most implementations suffer from similar flaws, which are intrinsic to the very nature of S&OP.

Data Jobs in Supply Chain

Supply Chain Management (SCM) practices are increasingly data-driven and quantitative. New roles have appeared such as the Supply Chain Scientist. Companies need to make strategic decisions about whether these competencies are developed in-house or externalized.

Data Requirements for Supply Chain Optimization

Predictive supply chain optimization relies on heavily prepared data. The purpose of this data is twofold: first, the historical supply chain data is used to build the forecasting models, second, the data describing the supply chain's current state is used to drive the optimization of the decisions.

Forecasting Demand for New Products

New products do not have a sales history that can be represented as a time-series. As a result, time-series forecasting models don't work for new products. Forecasting demand for new products requires alternative forecasting models capable of leveraging data, such as product attributes, that do not come as a time-series.

Fear of Change in Supply Chain

A good Supply Chain Management (SCM) practice includes a healthy dose of conservatism as the cost of failure tends to be high. Yet, rejecting all change is not an option in a world where innovation drives laggard companies out of business.

Startups: Myth vs. Reality (with Olivier Ezratty)

Developing an innovative technology is the not-entirely-sane undertaking of any startup. The line is thin between visionaries and snake oil salesmen. Olivier Ezratty shares his views on the myth vs reality conundrum faced by startups.

Software Frankensteinisation in Supply Chain

Managing supply chains and optimizing them is particularly challenging from a software perspective. The 'Software Frankensteinisation' refers to the technological decay that plagues entreprise software when faced with its own evolution over multiple decades.

Probabilistic Forecasting for Supply Chains

Optimizing supply chains relies on having insights about the future. Classic forecasts dismiss uncertainty entirely, and assume that the forecast is perfectly known. In contrast, probabilistic forecasts embrace uncertainty, and reflect that supply chain optimization should remain robust when faced with unexpected events.

Internet of Things for Supply Chains

For a supply chain management practice to be performant, managers need to have access to the position of every single asset. Unlike classic electronic inventory management, Internet-of-Things (IoT) offers the possibility to gain real-time visibility on all assets, vehicles included.

Data Preparation in Supply Chain

Properly preparing the data is a requirement to achieve success for any data-driven initiative. When considering supply chain challenges, data preparation is difficult because it involves complex enterprise systems that have not been designed with data science in mind.

Bitcoins, Supply Chains and Cartels (with Amaury Séchet)

A free market is not only about competition, cooperation matters too. Cartels have a role to play in Bitcoin and supply chains alike.

Artificial Intelligence and Supply Chains

In this episode we talk about this major buzzword and its application to supply chains.

Forecasting Promotions

Forecasting promotional demand is necessary in order to allocate the correct amount of stock. However, time-series forecasting models are typically not a good fit to address pricing-related demand patterns. More complex machine learning forecasting models are needed to properly take into account past promotions, and to reflect the upcoming impact of those that are planned.

The User Experience Paradox

Supply Chain Management (SCM) systems feature complex user interfaces. Among them, demand forecasting subsytems are not only complex but complicated as well. Better user inferfaces are needed to tackle this complexity.

Silos and Decisions in Supply Chain

Modern supply chains are complex, and the most direct answer to complexity is a 'specialization of labor'. Unfortunately, this approach results in 'silos' that fail at delivering decisions that maximize returns for the company.

The Morality, Humanity, and Weirdness of Bitcoin

Bitcoin is becoming more widely talked about in the media. Joannès Vermorel gives us his thoughts.

The Data Scientist in Supply Chain

Supply chain challenges are frequently quantitative and data driven. This makes them a good fit for a data science practice. However, understanding the business is a frequently overlooked aspect of the data science practice in supply chain.

Blockchain and Bitcoins

Blockchains and Bitcoin do have applications for supply chains, but not the ones most prominently put forward by software vendors.

Artificial Intelligence for supply chain

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an umbrella term that covers many high-dimensional statistical methods such as Deep Learning or Differentiable Programming. These methods can be used in various ways to improve the operational performance of supply chains. However, both problems and solutions differ vastly from mainstream AI problems such as Natural Language Processing (NLP).

Accuracy of Demand Forecasting

Achieving a highly accurate demand forecast is classically considered as the first step towards the optimization of a supply chain. More accurate forecasts are expected to reduce stock levels and to improve service levels.